James Abram Garfield was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio in 1831. As a youth, he worked on a canal boat to save money for his education. After graduating from seminary, James Garfield taught in a local school and eventually became a classics professor at the Disciples of Christ Western Reserve Eclectic Institute which is now known as Hiram College of Ohio. Garfield was a student at the Institute between 1851 and 1853. He took two years away from his studies at the Institute to complete his collegiate degree at Williams College and returned in 1856 to become a teacher at the Institute.
On “Mountain Day,” he climbed one of the high peaks seven miles distant with some of his fellow students of Williams College. The scenery was breathtaking and awakened religious awe among the students. Garfield broke the silence declaring:
“Boys, it is a habit of mine to read a chapter in the Bible every evening with my absent mother. Shall I read aloud?”The company of boys assented to his request and he drew his New Testament from a pocket. Garfield read softly in rich tones the chapter which his mother in Ohio was reading at the same time. Afterward, while on the mountaintop, he called on a classmate to pray.
Garfield instilled new life into the Hiram College and within a year became the president of the school. He was zealous in his proclamation of the doctrines of the church and preached on occasion at the Disciples of Christ church where he was a member. He lectured his students on politics, literature, and the Scriptures. He also performed wedding ceremonies and preached at funerals.
His profound believe that slavery was an evil institution led him into the area of politics. He was a member of the Republican Party when elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859. He advocated the use of force to preserve the Union while denouncing slavery and secession. To become more effective in achieving his goals, he studied law and was admitted to the bar.
Lucretia Rudolph was a former classmate whom he asked to become his wife.
He led a brigade of Union soldiers in 1862; successfully defeating a superior Confederate force at Middle Creek, Kentucky at a time when the Union military had few victories on the battlefield. Garfield was promoted to the rank of brigadier general at the age of thirty-one and two years later became a major general of commanding volunteers. The citizens of Ohio elected him to Congress the same year and President Lincoln urged him to resign his commission. Lincoln felt it was easier to find major generals than to find effective Republicans in Washington D.C.
After recovering from the shock of Abraham Lincoln’s assassination; he exhorted his countrymen in a speech which he gave in New York on April 15, 1865.
“Fellow citizens! God reigns, and the Government of Washington still lives!”
James A. Garfield became the leading Republican in the House of Representatives after repeatedly being reelected for eighteen years.
In 1880, at the Republican Convention, he was asked to give the key note speech nominating John Sherman as the Republican presidential candidate. Garfield so impressed the delegates with his speech; they gave him a standing ovation and chose him to be the Republican presidential candidate.
On Election Day, November 2, 1880, James A. Garfield was a member of the House of Representatives, a senator-elect, and president-elect of the United States. At his inaugural, James Garfield’s mother had the distinct honor of becoming the first mother of a president to attend her son’s inauguration as president of the United States.
Garfield described Chancellor Bismark of the newly united German Empire:
“I am struck with the fact that Bismark, the great statesman of Germany, probably the foremost man in Europe today, states as an unquestioned principle, that the support, the defense, and propagation of the Christian Gospel is the central object of the German government.”
At the death of his son, Garfield wrote to a friend:
“In the hope of the Gospel, which is so precious in this hour of affliction, I am affectionately your brother in Christ.”
James Abram Garfield wrote:
“The world’s history is a Divine poem, of which the history of every nation is a canto, and every man a word. Its strains have been pealing along down the centuries, and though there have been mingled the discords of warring cannon and dying men, yet to the Christian philosopher and historian – the humble listener – there has been a Divine melody running through the song which speaks of hope and halcyon days to come.”
James Garfield was to strengthen the authority of the federal government over the New York Customs House, through which many foreign goods entered the country. Senator Roscoe Conkling, a Stalwart Republican, had firm control over his stronghold in the New York Customs House through which he dispensed patronage in the city of New York.
Although Garfield submitted the names of some of Conkling’s friends in a list of appointments for Senate for approval; he submitted the name of William H. Robertson as his nomination to direct the Custom House. Conkling challenged the nomination of William H. Robertson who was Conkling’s archrival attempting to persuade the Senate to block the appointment. He appealed to the Republican caucus to withdraw the nomination of Robertson. Conkling and another senator from New York took the desperate measure of resigning from their respective offices; confident that the New York legislature would vindicate them by their reelection. Surprisingly, two other men were elected and the Senate did confirm Robertson’s appointment to administrate the Custom House.
Charles J. Guiteau , an embittered attorney, sought a consular appointment but was rejected. Guiteau, shot the president on July 2, 1881 at a Washington railway station. Garfield was mortally wounded and lay in the White House several weeks and was taken to the New Jersey seaside. He died on September 19, 1881, from infection and internal hemorrhaging.
James Garfield was the20th President of the United States and became the fourth president to die in office. After serving only four months in office, he became the second president to be assassinated.
Many of the spectators were discouraged from attending the inauguration because there was snow on the ground. James Garfield had been nominated on the 36th ballot of his political party at their convention and he won the popular vote by a very slim margin. Chief Justice Morrison Waite administered the oath of office as prescribed by the Constitution. The public ceremony took place on the East Portico of the United States Capitol, John Philip Sousa led the Marine Corps band in the inaugural parade and the grand ball was held in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum which is not the Arts and Industries Building.
Inaugural Address, 4 March 1881
Fellow Citizens:
We stand to-day upon an eminence which overlooks a hundred years of national life—a century crowded with perils, but crowned with the triumphs of liberty and law. Before continuing the onward march let us pause on this height for a moment to strengthen our faith and renew our hope by a glance at the pathway along which our people have traveled.
It is now three days more than a hundred years since the adoption of the first written constitution of the United States—the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. The new Republic was then beset with danger on every hand. It had not conquered a place in the family of nations. The decisive battle of the war for independence, whose centennial anniversary will soon be gratefully celebrated at Yorktown, had not yet been fought. The colonists were struggling not only against the armies of a great nation, but against the settled opinions of mankind; for the world did not then believe that the supreme authority of government could be safely intrusted to the guardianship of the people themselves.
We can not overestimate the fervent love of liberty, the intelligent courage, and the sum of common sense with which our fathers made the great experiment of self-government. When they found, after a short trial, that the confederacy of States, was too weak to meet the necessities of a vigorous and expanding republic, they boldly set it aside, and in its stead established a National Union, founded directly upon the will of the people, endowed with full power of self-preservation and ample authority for the accomplishment of its great object.
Under this Constitution the boundaries of freedom have been enlarged, the foundations of order and peace have been strengthened, and the growth of our people in all the better elements of national life has indicated the wisdom of the founders and given new hope to their descendants. Under this Constitution our people long ago made themselves safe against danger from without and secured for their mariners and flag equality of rights on all the seas. Under this Constitution twenty-five States have been added to the Union, with constitutions and laws, framed and enforced by their own citizens, to secure the manifold blessings of local self-government.
The jurisdiction of this Constitution now covers an area fifty times greater than that of the original thirteen States and a population twenty times greater than that of 1780.
The supreme trial of the Constitution came at last under the tremendous pressure of civil war. We ourselves are witnesses that the Union emerged from the blood and fire of that conflict purified and made stronger for all the beneficent purposes of good government.
And now, at the close of this first century of growth, with the inspirations of its history in their hearts, our people have lately reviewed the condition of the nation, passed judgment upon the conduct and opinions of political parties, and have registered their will concerning the future administration of the Government. To interpret and to execute that will in accordance with the Constitution is the paramount duty of the Executive.
Even from this brief review it is manifest that the nation is resolutely facing to the front, resolved to employ its best energies in developing the great possibilities of the future. Sacredly preserving whatever has been gained to liberty and good government during the century, our people are determined to leave behind them all those bitter controversies concerning things which have been irrevocably settled, and the further discussion of which can only stir up strife and delay the onward march.
The supremacy of the nation and its laws should be no longer a subject of debate. That discussion, which for half a century threatened the existence of the Union, was closed at last in the high court of war by a decree from which there is no appeal—that the Constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof are and shall continue to be the supreme law of the land, binding alike upon the States and the people. This decree does not disturb the autonomy of the States nor interfere with any of their necessary rights of local self-government, but it does fix and establish the permanent supremacy of the Union.
The will of the nation, speaking with the voice of battle and through the amended Constitution, has fulfilled the great promise of 1776 by proclaiming "liberty throughout the land to all the inhabitants thereof."
The elevation of the negro race from slavery to the full rights of citizenship is the most important political change we have known since the adoption of the Constitution of 1787. NO thoughtful man can fail to appreciate its beneficent effect upon our institutions and people. It has freed us from the perpetual danger of war and dissolution. It has added immensely to the moral and industrial forces of our people. It has liberated the master as well as the slave from a relation which wronged and enfeebled both. It has surrendered to their own guardianship the manhood of more than 5,000,000 people, and has opened to each one of them a career of freedom and usefulness. It has given new inspiration to the power of self-help in both races by making labor more honorable to the one and more necessary to the other. The influence of this force will grow greater and bear richer fruit with the coming years.
No doubt this great change has caused serious disturbance to our Southern communities. This is to be deplored, though it was perhaps unavoidable. But those who resisted the change should remember that under our institutions there was no middle ground for the negro race between slavery and equal citizenship. There can be no permanent disfranchised peasantry in the United States. Freedom can never yield its fullness of blessings so long as the law or its administration places the smallest obstacle in the pathway of any virtuous citizen.
The emancipated race has already made remarkable progress. With unquestioning devotion to the Union, with a patience and gentleness not born of fear, they have "followed the light as God gave them to see the light." They are rapidly laying the material foundations of self-support, widening their circle of intelligence, and beginning to enjoy the blessings that gather around the homes of the industrious poor. They deserve the generous encouragement of all good men. So far as my authority can lawfully extend they shall enjoy the full and equal protection of the Constitution and the laws.
The free enjoyment of equal suffrage is still in question, and a frank statement of the issue may aid its solution. It is alleged that in many communities negro citizens are practically denied the freedom of the ballot. In so far as the truth of this allegation is admitted, it is answered that in many places honest local government is impossible if the mass of uneducated negroes are allowed to vote. These are grave allegations. So far as the latter is true, it is the only palliation that can be offered for opposing the freedom of the ballot. Bad local government is certainly a great evil, which ought to be prevented; but to violate the freedom and sanctities of the suffrage is more than an evil. It is a crime which, if persisted in, will destroy the Government itself. Suicide is not a remedy. If in other lands it be high treason to compass the death of the king, it shall be counted no less a crime here to strangle our sovereign power and stifle its voice.
It has been said that unsettled questions have no pity for the repose of nations. It should be said with the utmost emphasis that this question of the suffrage will never give repose or safety to the States or to the nation until each, within its own jurisdiction, makes and keeps the ballot free and pure by the strong sanctions of the law.
But the danger which arises from ignorance in the voter can not be denied. It covers a field far wider than that of negro suffrage and the present condition of the race. It is a danger that lurks and hides in the sources and fountains of power in every state. We have no standard by which to measure the disaster that may be brought upon us by ignorance and vice in the citizens when joined to corruption and fraud in the suffrage.
The voters of the Union, who make and unmake constitutions, and upon whose will hang the destinies of our governments, can transmit their supreme authority to no successors save the coming generation of voters, who are the sole heirs of sovereign power. If that generation comes to its inheritance blinded by ignorance and corrupted by vice, the fall of the Republic will be certain and remediless.
The census has already sounded the alarm in the appalling figures which mark how dangerously high the tide of illiteracy has risen among our voters and their children.
To the South this question is of supreme importance. But the responsibility for the existence of slavery did not rest upon the South alone. The nation itself is responsible for the extension of the suffrage, and is under special obligations to aid in removing the illiteracy which it has added to the voting population. For the North and South alike there is but one remedy. All the constitutional power of the nation and of the States and all the volunteer forces of the people should be surrendered to meet this danger by the savory influence of universal education.
It is the high privilege and sacred duty of those now living to educate their successors and fit them, by intelligence and virtue, for the inheritance which awaits them.
In this beneficent work sections and races should be forgotten and partisanship should be unknown. Let our people find a new meaning in the divine oracle which declares that "a little child shall lead them," for our own little children will soon control the destinies of the Republic.
My countrymen, we do not now differ in our judgment concerning the controversies of past generations, and fifty years hence our children will not be divided in their opinions concerning our controversies. They will surely bless their fathers and their fathers' God that the Union was preserved, that slavery was overthrown, and that both races were made equal before the law. We may hasten or we may retard, but we can not prevent, the final reconciliation. Is it not possible for us now to make a truce with time by anticipating and accepting its inevitable verdict?
Enterprises of the highest importance to our moral and material well-being unite us and offer ample employment of our best powers. Let all our people, leaving behind them the battlefields of dead issues, move forward and in their strength of liberty and the restored Union win the grander victories of peace.
The prosperity which now prevails is without parallel in our history. Fruitful seasons have done much to secure it, but they have not done all. The preservation of the public credit and the resumption of specie payments, so successfully attained by the Administration of my predecessors, have enabled our people to secure the blessings which the seasons brought.
By the experience of commercial nations in all ages it has been found that gold and silver afford the only safe foundation for a monetary system. Confusion has recently been created by variations in the relative value of the two metals, but I confidently believe that arrangements can be made between the leading commercial nations which will secure the general use of both metals. Congress should provide that the compulsory coinage of silver now required by law may not disturb our monetary system by driving either metal out of circulation. If possible, such an adjustment should be made that the purchasing power of every coined dollar will be exactly equal to its debt-paying power in all the markets of the world.
The chief duty of the National Government in connection with the currency of the country is to coin money and declare its value. Grave doubts have been entertained whether Congress is authorized by the Constitution to make any form of paper money legal tender. The present issue of United States notes has been sustained by the necessities of war; but such paper should depend for its value and currency upon its convenience in use and its prompt redemption in coin at the will of the holder, and not upon its compulsory circulation. These notes are not money, but promises to pay money. If the holders demand it, the promise should be kept.
The refunding of the national debt at a lower rate of interest should be accomplished without compelling the withdrawal of the national-bank notes, and thus disturbing the business of the country.
I venture to refer to the position I have occupied on financial questions during a long service in Congress, and to say that time and experience have strengthened the opinions I have so often expressed on these subjects.
The finances of the Government shall suffer no detriment which it may be possible for my Administration to prevent.
The interests of agriculture deserve more attention from the Government than they have yet received. The farms of the United States afford homes and employment for more than one-half our people, and furnish much the largest part of all our exports. As the Government lights our coasts for the protection of mariners and the benefit of commerce, so it should give to the tillers of the soil the best lights of practical science and experience.
Our manufacturers are rapidly making us industrially independent, and are opening to capital and labor new and profitable fields of employment. Their steady and healthy growth should still be matured. Our facilities for transportation should be promoted by the continued improvement of our harbors and great interior waterways and by the increase of our tonnage on the ocean.
The development of the world's commerce has led to an urgent demand for shortening the great sea voyage around Cape Horn by constructing ship canals or railways across the isthmus which unites the continents. Various plans to this end have been suggested and will need consideration, but none of them has been sufficiently matured to warrant the United States in extending pecuniary aid. The subject, however, is one which will immediately engage the attention of the Government with a view to a thorough protection to American interests. We will urge no narrow policy nor seek peculiar or exclusive privileges in any commercial route; but, in the language of my predecessor, I believe it to be the right "and duty of the United States to assert and maintain such supervision and authority over any interoceanic canal across the isthmus that connects North and South America as will protect our national interest."
The Constitution guarantees absolute religious freedom. Congress is prohibited from making any law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The Territories of the United States are subject to the direct legislative authority of Congress, and hence the General Government is responsible for any violation of the Constitution in any of them. It is therefore a reproach to the Government that in the most populous of the Territories the constitutional guaranty is not enjoyed by the people and the authority of Congress is set at naught. The Mormon Church not only offends the moral sense of manhood by sanctioning polygamy, but prevents the administration of justice through ordinary instrumentalities of law.
In my judgment it is the duty of Congress, while respecting to the uttermost the conscientious convictions and religious scruples of every citizen, to prohibit within its jurisdiction all criminal practices, especially of that class which destroy the family relations and endanger social order. Nor can any ecclesiastical organization be safely permitted to usurp in the smallest degree the functions and powers of the National Government.
The civil service can never be placed on a satisfactory basis until it is regulated by law. For the good of the service itself, for the protection of those who are intrusted with the appointing power against the waste of time and obstruction to the public business caused by the inordinate pressure for place, and for the protection of incumbents against intrigue and wrong, I shall at the proper time ask Congress to fix the tenure of the minor offices of the several Executive Departments and prescribe the grounds upon which removals shall be made during the terms for which incumbents have been appointed.
Finally, acting always within the authority and limitations of the Constitution, invading neither the rights of the States nor the reserved rights of the people, it will be the purpose of my Administration to maintain the authority of the nation in all places within its jurisdiction; to enforce obedience to all the laws of the Union in the interests of the people; to demand rigid economy in all the expenditures of the Government, and to require the honest and faithful service of all executive officers, remembering that the offices were created, not for the benefit of incumbents or their supporters, but for the service of the Government.
And now, fellow-citizens, I am about to assume the great trust which you have committed to my hands. I appeal to you for that earnest and thoughtful support which makes this Government in fact, as it is in law, a government of the people.
I shall greatly rely upon the wisdom and patriotism of Congress and of those who may share with me the responsibilities and duties of administration, and, above all, upon our efforts to promote the welfare of this great people and their Government I reverently invoke the support and blessings of Almighty God.
1876 Centennial Address before Congress
"Now, more than ever before, the people are responsible for the character of their Congress. If that body be ignorant, reckless, and corrupt, it is because the people tolerate ignorance, recklessness, and corruption. If it be intelligent, brave, and pure, it is because the people demand these high qualities to represent them in the national legislature….if the next centennial does not find us a great nation…it will be because those who represent the enterprise, the culture, and the morality of the nation do not aid in controlling the political forces.”James Abram Garfield was a "disciple of Christ" and a preacher of the gospel. He was a member of the Stone-Campbell (Restoration Movement) denomination known as the "Christisn Church (Disciples of Christ)."
He was asked to formulate a statement defining the ideals of the Disciples of Christ in the matters of faith. James Abram Garfield declared:
1. We are called Christians.
2. We believe in God the Father.
3. We believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of the Living God, and our Savior.
4. We believe in the Holy Spirit, both to His agency in conversion and as a dweller in the heart of every Christian.
5. We accept the Old and New Testaments as the inspired word of God.
6. We believe in the final punishment of the wicked and the future reward for the righteous.
7. We believe that the Deity is a prayer-hearing, prayer answering God.
8. We observe the institution of the Lord’s Supper on every Lord’s Day. To this Table, we neither invite nor debar. We say it is the Lord’s Table for all the Lord’s children.
9. We plead for the Union of God’s people.
10. The Bible is our only discipline.
11. We maintain that all ordinances should be observed as they were in the days of the Apostles.
James A. Garfield was the first left-handed president and was quite talented. He could write Latin with one hand while simultaneously writing Greek with the other hand. As a skilled preacher of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, James Garfield relished bringing the message of the mercy of God through Jesus Christ to people who have not heard. In a letter, he wrote that he had just finished preaching at a revival meeting where he preached the Gospel of Jesus Christ thirteen times leading thirty-four individuals to Christ Thirty-one of those converts chose to be baptized.
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